b. 12 November 1945, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Although Young maintains he had a happy childhood he contracted polio when he was 6 and throughout his teenage years he suffered the disintegration of his parents' marriage (his father, Scott Young, was a hugely prolific sports writer and novelist). Having moved to Winnipeg as a child, Young began his enigmatic career as a member of several high-school bands, including the Jades and Classics. He later formed the Squires with Ken Koblun, whose indebtedness to the UK instrumental combo the Shadows was captured on Young's composition "Aurora'/'The Sultan". In 1965, he embarked on a folk-based musical direction, with appearances in Toronto's bohemian Yorkville enclave. A demonstration tape from this era contains early versions of "Sugar Mountain", a paean to lost childhood later placed on 10 different single releases, and "Don't Pity Me", revived a decade later as "Don't Cry No Tears". Young then joined the Mynah Birds, a pop soul attraction that also featured Rick James, but this act folded prematurely upon the latter's arrest for draft evasion. Group bass player Bruce Palmer accompanied Young on a subsequent journey to Los Angeles in Young's hearse (Mort 2) where they sought out and found Stephen Stills and Richie Furay to form the Buffalo Springfield.
Young's tenure in this seminal "west coast" act was tempered by several "sabbaticals", but two luxurious, atmospheric compositions, "Broken Arrow" and the Jack Nitzsche-arranged "Expecting To Fly', established the highly sculptured, orchestral-tinged sound prevalent on his debut solo record, 1969"s Neil Young. Although originally blighted by a selfless mix that buried the artist's vocals, the album contained several excellent compositions, notably "The Loner", "The Old Laughing Lady", "I've Been Waiting For You" and "Here We Are In The Years". The set also featured two highly effective instrumentals, Young's evocative "The Emperor Of Wyoming" and "String Quartet From Whiskey Boot Hill", a sublime arrangement and composition by Nitzsche. The closing track, "The Last Trip To Tulsa", was unique in Young's canon, an overlong, surreal narrative whose performance betrayed the strong influence of Bob Dylan.
Following his first album, Young was joined by Danny Whitten (b. 8 May 1943, Columbus, Georgia, USA, d. 18 November 1972; guitar/vocals), Billy Talbot (b. 23 October 1943, New York City, New York, USA; bass) and Ralph Molina (b. 22 June 1943, Puerto Rico; drums) - three former members of the Rockets - in a new backing group dubbed Crazy Horse. The now-classic Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere captured a performer liberated from a previous self-consciousness with the extended "Down By The River" and "Cowgirl In The Sand", allowing space for his stutteringly simple, yet enthralling, guitar style. While the epic guitar pieces dominated the set, there were other highlights, including the zestful "Cinnamon Girl" and the haunting "Running Dry (Requiem For The Rockets)", a mournful song featuring Bobby Notkoff on violin. The album underlined the intense relationship between Young and Crazy Horse. An attendant tour confirmed the strength of this new-found partnership, while Young also secured acclaim as a member of Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young. His relationship with Crazy Horse soured as Whitten grew increasingly dependent on heroin and the group was dropped following the recording of After The Goldrush. This 1970 set provided a commercial breakthrough and included several of Young's best-known compositions, including the haunting title track, "Only Love Can Break Your Heart", a US Top 40 hit, and the fiery "Southern Man".
The highly commercial follow-up Harvest (1972) confirmed this new-found ascendancy and spawned a US chart-topper in "Heart Of Gold"; it remains Young's bestselling album. This commercial peak ended abruptly with Journey Through The Past, a highly indulgent soundtrack to a rarely screened autobiographical film. A disastrous tour with new backing group, the Stray Gators, exacerbated the gap between the artist and his potential audience, although Time Fades Away, a collection of new songs culled from the concerts, reclaimed the ragged feistiness of the Crazy Horse era. The set included the passionate "Last Dance" and the superb "Don't Be Denied", an unflinching autobiographical account of Young's early life in Canada.
The deaths of Whitten and road crew member Bruce Berry inspired the harrowing 1975 release Tonight's The Night, on which Young's bare-nerved emotions were expounded over his bleakest songs to date. "I'm singing this borrowed tune, I took from the Rolling Stones, alone in this empty room, too wasted to write my own', he intoned in world-weary fashion on "Borrowed Tune", while in-concert Young would offer multiple versions of the grief-stricken title song. However, the final set was rejected by the record company in favour of On The Beach, released to coincide with a Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young reunion tour. The work was initially greeted coolly and Rolling Stone described it as one of the "most despairing albums of the decade". In common with John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band, On The Beach saw Young stripping away his personality in a series of intense songs. The undoubted highlight of the set was the closing "Ambulance Blues", possibly one of the most accomplished works of Young's career. In analyzing his place in the rock music world, Young offered a sardonic riposte to his detractors: "So all you critics sit alone/You're no better than me for what you've shown/With your stomach pump and your hook and ladder dreams/We could get together for some scenes". The belatedly issued Tonight's The Night was no longer a shock, but testified to Young's absolute conviction. The album sold poorly but was retrospectively acclaimed as one of the bravest and most harrowing albums of the decade.
Young next chose to team up Crazy Horse again - Talbot, Molina and new guitarist Frank "Poncho" Sampedro - for the highly electric Zuma. The set's highlight was provided by the guitar-strewn "Cortez The Killer" but, despite often ecstatic reviews, the overall performance was generally stronger than the material it supported. Another gripping recording, "Like A Hurricane", was the pivotal feature of American Stars 'N' Bars, an otherwise piecemeal collection drawn from extant masters and newer, country-orientated recordings. The latter direction was maintained on Comes A Time, Young's most accessible set since Harvest, on which Nicolette Larson acted as a female vocal foil. The album's use of acoustic settings enhanced Young's pastoral intentions and the singer was moved to include a rare cover version: Ian Tyson's folk standard, "Four Strong Winds'. Characteristically, Young chose to follow this up by rejoining Crazy Horse for 1979"s Rust Never Sleeps. The album rightly stands as one of Young's greatest and most consistent works. The acoustic "My My, Hey Hey (Out Of The Blue)" and its electric counterpart "Hey Hey, My My (Into The Black)" explained the central theme of the work - the transience of rock stardom. "The Thrasher", one of Young's most complex and rewarding songs, reiterated the motif. "Ride My Llama", "Pocahontas" and "Powderfinger" were all worthy additions to Young's classic catalogue. The album was preceded by a Young movie of the same name and was followed by the double live album, Live Rust.
During the 80s the artist became increasingly unpredictable as each new release rejected the musical directions suggested by its predecessor. The understated and underrated Hawks & Doves was followed by excursions through electric R&B (Re-Ac-Tor), electro pop (Trans) and rockabilly (Everybody's Rockin'), before embracing ol' timey country (Old Ways), hard rock (Landing On Water) and R&B (This Note's For You). The last-named achieved notoriety when a video for the title song, which attacked the intertwining of rock with corporate sponsorship, was banned by MTV. The R&B experiment using brass (Neil And The Blue Notes) also saw Young regain some critical acclaim. Young's next project was culled from an aborted release, tentatively entitled Times Square. Eldorado invoked the raw abandonment of Tonight's The Night, but the five-song set was only issued in Japan and Australia. Three of its songs were latterly placed on 1989's Freedom, an artistic and commercial triumph which garnered positive reviews and assuaged those viewing its creator as merely eccentric. The set was generally acclaimed as Young's finest work in a decade and included some of his most intriguing lyrics, most notably the lengthy "Crime In The City", itself an extract from an even longer piece, "Sixty To Zero".
Young affirmed this regeneration with 1990's Ragged Glory, a collaboration with Crazy Horse marked by blistering guitar lines, snarled lyrics and a sense of urgency and excitement few from his generation could hope to muster. Contemporary new wave band Sonic Youth supported the revitalized partnership on the US Spook The Horse tour, cementing Young's affection for pioneers. An ensuing in-concert set, Weld (accompanied by an album of feedback experimentation, Arc), was rightly applauded as another milestone in Young's often contrary oeuvre. He was rightfully celebrated by several of the early 90s "grunge" bands; let it be said that it was Young who first wore check work shirts outside torn jeans, and played blistering distorted cranked-up guitar (with Crazy Horse).
Following the release of Weld, the typically contrary Young informed the media that he was making a return to a Harvest-type album. The result was, for many, one of his best albums. Harvest Moon captured the essence of what is now rightly seen as a great 70s album (Harvest) and yet it sounded perfect for the 90s. "From Hank To Hendrix" and the title track are but two in a collection of Young songs destined to become classics. As if this was not enough, less than a year later he produced Unplugged, which was a confident live set recorded for MTV. Sleeps With Angels (1994) mixed some of Young's dirtiest guitar rock with some frail and winsome offerings. His ability to juxtapose contrasting styles was extraordinary: "Piece Of Crap" found him in punkish and vitriolic form, whilst the gentle "My Heart" would not have been out of place in a school church hall. In similar mood was the ethereal "Philadelphia", perfectly suited for the movie Philadelphia, for which it was composed.
A collaboration with Pearl Jam produced a good album in 1995, on which once again Young thrilled, excited, baffled and amazed. Mirror Ball was a gripping rock album that bought him many new (younger) fans, although older devotees were by now wanting something special and were tired of the dirty grunge. Dead Man was a challenging and rambling guitar soundtrack to a Jim Jamursch movie, and neither a commercial nor a listenable excursion. The 1996 release Broken Arrow received a less than positive reception from the critics, although many newer fans saw little difference in quality from recent efforts, except for the dreadfully ramshackle bar-room version of Jimmy Reed's "Baby, What You Want Me To Do". The Year Of The Horse was yet another live album, tolerated by his fans but leaving a genuine appetite for some new material.
In 1999, Young reunited with his CSN colleagues for a lucrative tour and an album. The lacklustre contributions he made to their album spilled over to his 2000 release Silver & Gold. Reception was mixed, but generally it was seen as a dull and at times ("Buffalo Springfield Again") a downright corny set. The follow-up Are You Passionate? was another disappointing set, with Young unable to be spurred on by the presence of soul veterans Booker T. Jones and Donald "Duck' Dunn in his studio band. For his next project, 2003"s Greendale, Young created a mythical town in the USA. The entire album revolved around this imaginary concept, with "Grandpa" as the main character of Greendale with its ocean, mountains and farms other symbolic representations. Although the songs were for the most part pedestrian, the album stood out as one of Young's most interesting and intriguing works for many years. The project also spawned a stage show, film and book.
In March 2005, Young underwent surgery to address a brain aneurysm. After recovering he renewed his recording contract with Reprise and completed work on a disappointing new studio album, Prairie Wind. The following year he quickly wrote and recorded the anti-war, anti-George W. Bush collection, Living With War. The sentiments expressed were admirable but musically the album featured a set of tired chord progressions. The long-awaited archive series that Young had been working on for some time began in 2006 with the live release At The Fillmore East 1970. Chrome Dreams II in 2007 was another idiosyncratic release of banal to brilliance; the latter being the stonking 18-minute epic 'Ordinary People'.
Even with a less than perfect discography in recent years, Young's artistic standing still remains at an all-time high. However, he retains the right to surprise, infuriate, and even baffle, while his reluctance to court easy popularity must be applauded. More than any other artist working in the rock field over the past five decades, Young is the greatest chameleon. His many loyal admirers never know what to expect, but the reaction whenever a new project or direction arrives is initially favourable from all quarters, creating great interest. Even his most recent work which has often been flawed, seems to receive accolades. He still transcends generations and still manages to stay hip and in touch with laconic ease, indifference and worldly style.
